• Pagan Symbolism: January 1 honored Janus as the "gateway" to the year. Customs like resolutions stem from Roman vows of good behavior to Janus. Noises/fireworks echo warding off evil spirits; kissing and well-wishes have roots in fertility/transition rites.
• Later Changes: Early Christians rejected January 1 as pagan, shifting New Year to dates like March 25 (Annunciation) or December 25. Pope Gregory XIII's 1582 Gregorian calendar reinstated January 1 for accuracy, spreading it globally.